Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.

n-sakimura@nri.co.jp http://nat.sakimura.org/

Ping Identity

ve7jtb@ve7jtb.com http://www.thread-safe.com/

Microsoft

mbj@microsoft.com http://self-issued.info/

Illumila

ejay@mgi1.com

OpenID Connect Working Group OpenID Connect 1.0 is a simple identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol. It enables Clients to verify the identity of the End-User based on the authentication performed by an Authorization Server, as well as to obtain basic profile information about the End-User in an interoperable and REST-like manner. This specification defines a mechanism for an OpenID Connect Relying Party to discover the End-User's OpenID Provider and obtain information needed to interact with it, including its OAuth 2.0 endpoint locations.

OpenID Connect 1.0 is a simple identity layer on top of the OAuth 2.0 protocol. It enables Clients to verify the identity of the End-User based on the authentication performed by an Authorization Server, as well as to obtain basic profile information about the End-User in an interoperable and REST-like manner. In order for an OpenID Connect Relying Party to utilize OpenID Connect services for an End-User, the RP needs to know where the OpenID Provider is. OpenID Connect uses WebFinger to locate the OpenID Provider for an End-User. This process is described in . Once the OpenID Provider has been identified, the configuration information for that OP is retrieved from a well-known location as a JSON document, including its OAuth 2.0 endpoint locations. This process is described in .

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. In the .txt version of this document, values are quoted to indicate that they are to be taken literally. When using these values in protocol messages, the quotes MUST NOT be used as part of the value. In the HTML version of this document, values to be taken literally are indicated by the use of this fixed-width font. All uses of JSON Web Signature (JWS) and JSON Web Encryption (JWE) data structures in this specification utilize the JWS Compact Serialization or the JWE Compact Serialization; the JWS JSON Serialization and the JWE JSON Serialization are not used.

This specification uses the terms "Access Token", "Authorization Code", "Authorization Endpoint", "Authorization Grant", "Authorization Server", "Client", "Client Authentication", "Client Identifier", "Client Secret", "Grant Type", "Protected Resource", "Redirection URI", "Refresh Token", "Resource Owner", "Resource Server", "Response Type", and "Token Endpoint" defined by OAuth 2.0, the terms "Claim Name", "Claim Value", and "JSON Web Token (JWT)" defined by JSON Web Token (JWT), and the terms defined by OpenID Connect Core 1.0 and OAuth 2.0 Multiple Response Type Encoding Practices. This specification also defines the following terms: Entity that is the target of a request in WebFinger. Server where a WebFinger service is hosted. Value that uniquely characterizes an Entity in a specific context. NOTE: this document defines various kinds of Identifiers, designed for use in different contexts. Examples include URLs using the https scheme and e-mail addresses. IMPORTANT NOTE TO READERS: The terminology definitions in this section are a normative portion of this specification, imposing requirements upon implementations. All the capitalized words in the text of this specification, such as "Identifier", reference these defined terms. Whenever the reader encounters them, their definitions found in this section must be followed.

OpenID Provider Issuer discovery is the process of determining the location of the OpenID Provider. Issuer discovery is OPTIONAL; if a Relying Party knows the OP's Issuer location through an out-of-band mechanism, it can skip this step and proceed to . Issuer discovery requires the following information to make a discovery request: Identifier for the target End-User that is the subject of the discovery request. Server where a WebFinger service is hosted. URI identifying the type of service whose location is being requested. OpenID Connect uses the following discoverable rel value in WebFinger: Rel Type URI OpenID Connect Issuer http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer To start discovery of OpenID endpoints, the End-User supplies an Identifier to the Relying Party. The RP applies normalization rules to the Identifier to determine the Resource and Host. Then it makes an HTTP GET request to the Host's WebFinger endpoint with the resource and rel parameters to obtain the location of the requested service. All WebFinger communication MUST utilize TLS in the manner described in . The Issuer location MUST be returned in the WebFinger response as the value of the href member of a links array element with rel member value http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer. (Per Section 7 of WebFinger, obtaining the WebFinger response may first involve following some redirects.) The returned Issuer location MUST be a URI RFC 3986 with a scheme component that MUST be https, a host component, and optionally, port and path components and no query or fragment components. Note that since the Host and Resource values determined from the user input Identifier, as described in , are used as input to a WebFinger request, which can return an Issuer value using a completely different scheme, host, port, and path, no relationship can be assumed between the user input Identifier string and the resulting Issuer location.

The purpose of Identifier normalization is to determine normalized Resource and Host values from the user input Identifier. These are then used as WebFinger request parameters to discover the Issuer location. The user input Identifier SHOULD be a URL or URI relative reference defined in RFC 3986. The user input Identifier MUST include the authority component. NOTE: A URI relative reference includes a string that looks like an e-mail address in the form of userinfo@host. This is a valid authority component of a URI but excludes various possible extra strings allowed in addr-spec syntax of RFC 5322. The Identifier normalization rules MAY be extended by additional specifications to enable other identifier types such as telephone numbers or XRIs to also be used.

A user input Identifier can be categorized into the following types, which require different normalization processes: User input Identifiers starting with the XRI global context symbols ('=','@', and '!') are RESERVED. Processing of these identifiers is out of scope for this specification. All other user input Identifiers MUST be treated as a URI in one of the forms scheme "://" authority path-abempty [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] or authority path-abempty [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] or scheme ":" path-rootless, per RFC 3986. NOTE: The user input Identifier MAY be in the form of userinfo@host. For the End-User, this would normally be perceived as being an e-mail address. However, it is also a valid userpart "@" host section of an acct URI , and this specification treats it such as to exclude various extra strings allowed in addr-spec of RFC 5322.

A string of any other type is interpreted as a URI in one of the forms scheme "://" authority path-abempty [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] or authority path-abempty [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] or scheme ":" path-rootless per RFC 3986 and is normalized according to the following rules: If the user input Identifier does not have an RFC 3986 scheme component, the string is interpreted as [userinfo "@"] host [":" port] path-abempty [ "?" query ] [ "#" fragment ] per RFC 3986. Examples are example.com, joe@example.com, example.com/joe, and example.com:8080. If the userinfo and host components are present and all of the scheme, path, query, port, and fragment components are absent, the acct scheme is assumed. In this case, the normalized URI is formed by prefixing acct: to the string as the scheme. Per The 'acct' URI Scheme, if there is an at-sign character ('@') in the userinfo component, it needs to be percent-encoded, as described in RFC 3986. Examples are joe@example.com and Jane.Doe@example.com. For all other inputs without a scheme component, the https scheme is assumed, and the normalized URI is formed by prefixing https:// to the string as the scheme. Examples are example.com, example.com/joe, example.com:8080, and joe@example.com:8080. When the input contains an explicit scheme such as acct or https that matches the RFC 3986 scheme ":" path-rootless syntax, no input normalization is performed. Examples are https://example.com, https://example.com/joe, https://joe@example.com:8080, and acct:joe@example.com. If the resulting URI contains a fragment component, it MUST be stripped off, together with the fragment delimiter character "#". The WebFinger Resource in this case is the resulting URI, and the WebFinger Host is the authority component. NOTE: Since the definition of authority in RFC 3986 is [ userinfo "@" ] host [ ":" port ], it is legal to have a user input identifier like userinfo@host:port, e.g., alice@example.com:8080.

To find the Issuer for the given user input in the form of an e-mail address joe@example.com, the WebFinger parameters are as follows: WebFinger Parameter Value resource acct:joe@example.com host example.com rel http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer Note that in this case, the acct: scheme is prepended to the Identifier.

The RP would make the following WebFinger request to discover the Issuer location (with line wraps within lines for display purposes only):

To find the Issuer for the given URL, https://example.com/joe, the WebFinger parameters are as follows: WebFinger Parameter Value resource https://example.com/joe host example.com rel http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer

The RP would make the following WebFinger request to discover the Issuer location (with line wraps within lines for display purposes only):

If the user input is in the form of host:port, e.g., example.com:8080, then it is assumed as the authority component of the URL. To find the Issuer for the given hostname, example.com:8080, the WebFinger parameters are as follows: WebFinger Parameter Value resource https://example.com:8080/ host example.com:8080 rel http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer

The RP would make the following WebFinger request to discover the Issuer location (with line wraps within lines for display purposes only):

To find the Issuer for the given user input in the form of an account URI acct:juliet%40capulet.example@shopping.example.com, the WebFinger parameters are as follows: WebFinger Parameter Value resource acct:juliet%40capulet.example@shopping.example.com host shopping.example.com rel http://openid.net/specs/connect/1.0/issuer

The RP would make the following WebFinger request to discover the Issuer location (with line wraps within lines for display purposes only):

NOTE: It is common for sites to use e-mail addresses as local identifiers for accounts at those sites, even though the domain in the e-mail address one controlled by the site. For instance, the site example.org might have a local account named joe@example.com. As of the time of this writing, a discussion is ongoing among WebFinger contributors about the syntax that should be used when discovering information about such accounts with WebFinger. The current thinking seems to be that such accounts would be represented by quoting the '@' character in the userinfo component of the account identifier when constructing the acct: URI representing the account. Such an example is acct:joe%40example.com@example.org. In a future version of this specification, it is possible that normalization rules will be defined allowing End-Users to input values like joe@example.com@example.org to initiate discovery on such accounts.

OpenID Providers have metadata describing their configuration. These OpenID Provider Metadata values are used by OpenID Connect: REQUIRED. URL using the https scheme with no query or fragment component that the OP asserts as its Issuer Identifier. If Issuer discovery is supported (see ), this value MUST be identical to the issuer value returned by WebFinger. This also MUST be identical to the iss Claim value in ID Tokens issued from this Issuer. REQUIRED. URL of the OP's OAuth 2.0 Authorization Endpoint . URL of the OP's OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint . This is REQUIRED unless only the Implicit Flow is used. RECOMMENDED. URL of the OP's UserInfo Endpoint . This URL MUST use the https scheme and MAY contain port, path, and query parameter components. REQUIRED. URL of the OP's JSON Web Key Set document. This contains the signing key(s) the RP uses to validate signatures from the OP. The JWK Set MAY also contain the Server's encryption key(s), which are used by RPs to encrypt requests to the Server. When both signing and encryption keys are made available, a use (Key Use) parameter value is REQUIRED for all keys in the referenced JWK Set to indicate each key's intended usage. Although some algorithms allow the same key to be used for both signatures and encryption, doing so is NOT RECOMMENDED, as it is less secure. The JWK x5c parameter MAY be used to provide X.509 representations of keys provided. When used, the bare key values MUST still be present and MUST match those in the certificate. RECOMMENDED. URL of the OP's Dynamic Client Registration Endpoint . RECOMMENDED. JSON array containing a list of the OAuth 2.0 scope values that this server supports. The server MUST support the openid scope value. Servers MAY choose not to advertise some supported scope values even when this parameter is used, although those defined in SHOULD be listed, if supported. REQUIRED. JSON array containing a list of the OAuth 2.0 response_type values that this OP supports. Dynamic OpenID Providers MUST support the code, id_token, and the token id_token Response Type values. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the OAuth 2.0 response_mode values that this OP supports, as specified in OAuth 2.0 Multiple Response Type Encoding Practices. If omitted, the default for Dynamic OpenID Providers is ["query", "fragment"]. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the OAuth 2.0 Grant Type values that this OP supports. Dynamic OpenID Providers MUST support the authorization_code and implicit Grant Type values and MAY support other Grant Types. If omitted, the default value is ["authorization_code", "implicit"]. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the Authentication Context Class References that this OP supports. REQUIRED. JSON array containing a list of the Subject Identifier types that this OP supports. Valid types include pairwise and public. REQUIRED. JSON array containing a list of the JWS signing algorithms (alg values) supported by the OP for the ID Token to encode the Claims in a JWT . The algorithm RS256 MUST be included. The value none MAY be supported, but MUST NOT be used unless the Response Type used returns no ID Token from the Authorization Endpoint (such as when using the Authorization Code Flow). OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (alg values) supported by the OP for the ID Token to encode the Claims in a JWT . OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (enc values) supported by the OP for the ID Token to encode the Claims in a JWT . OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWS signing algorithms (alg values) supported by the UserInfo Endpoint to encode the Claims in a JWT . The value none MAY be included. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (alg values) supported by the UserInfo Endpoint to encode the Claims in a JWT . OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (enc values) supported by the UserInfo Endpoint to encode the Claims in a JWT . OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWS signing algorithms (alg values) supported by the OP for Request Objects, which are described in Section 6.1 of OpenID Connect Core 1.0. These algorithms are used both when the Request Object is passed by value (using the request parameter) and when it is passed by reference (using the request_uri parameter). Servers SHOULD support none and RS256. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (alg values) supported by the OP for Request Objects. These algorithms are used both when the Request Object is passed by value and when it is passed by reference. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWE encryption algorithms (enc values) supported by the OP for Request Objects. These algorithms are used both when the Request Object is passed by value and when it is passed by reference. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of Client Authentication methods supported by this Token Endpoint. The options are client_secret_post, client_secret_basic, client_secret_jwt, and private_key_jwt, as described in Section 9 of OpenID Connect Core 1.0. Other authentication methods MAY be defined by extensions. If omitted, the default is client_secret_basic -- the HTTP Basic Authentication Scheme specified in Section 2.3.1 of OAuth 2.0. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the JWS signing algorithms (alg values) supported by the Token Endpoint for the signature on the JWT used to authenticate the Client at the Token Endpoint for the private_key_jwt and client_secret_jwt authentication methods. Servers SHOULD support RS256. The value none MUST NOT be used. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the display parameter values that the OpenID Provider supports. These values are described in Section 3.1.2.1 of OpenID Connect Core 1.0. OPTIONAL. JSON array containing a list of the Claim Types that the OpenID Provider supports. These Claim Types are described in Section 5.6 of OpenID Connect Core 1.0. Values defined by this specification are normal, aggregated, and distributed. If omitted, the implementation supports only normal Claims. RECOMMENDED. JSON array containing a list of the Claim Names of the Claims that the OpenID Provider MAY be able to supply values for. Note that for privacy or other reasons, this might not be an exhaustive list. OPTIONAL. URL of a page containing human-readable information that developers might want or need to know when using the OpenID Provider. In particular, if the OpenID Provider does not support Dynamic Client Registration, then information on how to register Clients needs to be provided in this documentation. OPTIONAL. Languages and scripts supported for values in Claims being returned, represented as a JSON array of BCP47 language tag values. Not all languages and scripts are necessarily supported for all Claim values. OPTIONAL. Languages and scripts supported for the user interface, represented as a JSON array of BCP47 language tag values. OPTIONAL. Boolean value specifying whether the OP supports use of the claims parameter, with true indicating support. If omitted, the default value is false. OPTIONAL. Boolean value specifying whether the OP supports use of the request parameter, with true indicating support. If omitted, the default value is false. OPTIONAL. Boolean value specifying whether the OP supports use of the request_uri parameter, with true indicating support. If omitted, the default value is true. OPTIONAL. Boolean value specifying whether the OP requires any request_uri values used to be pre-registered using the request_uris registration parameter. Pre-registration is REQUIRED when the value is true. If omitted, the default value is false. OPTIONAL. URL that the OpenID Provider provides to the person registering the Client to read about the OP's requirements on how the Relying Party can use the data provided by the OP. The registration process SHOULD display this URL to the person registering the Client if it is given. OPTIONAL. URL that the OpenID Provider provides to the person registering the Client to read about OpenID Provider's terms of service. The registration process SHOULD display this URL to the person registering the Client if it is given. Additional OpenID Provider Metadata parameters MAY also be used. Some are defined by other specifications, such as OpenID Connect Session Management 1.0.

Using the Issuer location discovered as described in or by other means, the OpenID Provider's configuration information can be retrieved. OpenID Providers supporting Discovery MUST make a JSON document available at the path formed by concatenating the string /.well-known/openid-configuration to the Issuer. The syntax and semantics of .well-known are defined in RFC 5785 and apply to the Issuer value when it contains no path component. openid-configuration MUST point to a JSON document compliant with this specification and MUST be returned using the application/json content type.

An OpenID Provider Configuration Document MUST be queried using an HTTP GET request at the previously specified path. The RP would make the following request to the Issuer https://example.com to obtain its Configuration information, since the Issuer contains no path component:

If the Issuer value contains a path component, any terminating / MUST be removed before appending /.well-known/openid-configuration. The RP would make the following request to the Issuer https://example.com/issuer1 to obtain its Configuration information, since the Issuer contains a path component:

Using path components enables supporting multiple issuers per host. This is required in some multi-tenant hosting configurations. This use of .well-known is for supporting multiple issuers per host; unlike its use in RFC 5785, it does not provide general information about the host.

The response is a set of Claims about the OpenID Provider's configuration, including all necessary endpoints and public key location information. A successful response MUST use the 200 OK HTTP status code and return a JSON object using the application/json content type that contains a set of Claims as its members that are a subset of the Metadata values defined in . Other Claims MAY also be returned. Claims that return multiple values are represented as JSON arrays. Claims with zero elements MUST be omitted from the response. An error response uses the applicable HTTP status code value.

The following is a non-normative example response:

If any of the validation procedures defined in this specification fail, any operations requiring the information that failed to correctly validate MUST be aborted and the information that failed to validate MUST NOT be used. The issuer value returned MUST be identical to the Issuer URL that was directly used to retrieve the configuration information. This MUST also be identical to the iss Claim value in ID Tokens issued from this Issuer.

Processing some OpenID Connect messages requires comparing values in the messages to known values. For example, the member names in the provider configuration response might be compared to specific member names such as issuer. Comparing Unicode strings, however, has significant security implications. Therefore, comparisons between JSON strings and other Unicode strings MUST be performed as specified below: Remove any JSON applied escaping to produce an array of Unicode code points. Unicode Normalization MUST NOT be applied at any point to either the JSON string or to the string it is to be compared against. Comparisons between the two strings MUST be performed as a Unicode code point to code point equality comparison.

This specification defines features used by both Relying Parties and OpenID Providers that choose to implement Discovery. All of these Relying Parties and OpenID Providers MUST implement the features that are listed in this specification as being "REQUIRED" or are described with a "MUST". No other implementation considerations for implementations of Discovery are defined by this specification.

Implementers should be aware that this specification uses several IETF specifications that are not yet final specifications. Those specifications are: JSON Web Token (JWT) draft -13 JSON Web Signature (JWS) draft -18 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) draft -18 JSON Web Key (JWK) draft -18 JSON Web Algorithms draft -18 The 'acct' URI Scheme draft -06 While every effort will be made to prevent breaking changes to these specifications, should they occur, OpenID Connect implementations should continue to use the specifically referenced draft versions above in preference to the final versions, unless using a possible future OpenID Connect profile or specification that updates some or all of these references.

Implementations MUST support TLS. Which version(s) ought to be implemented will vary over time, and depend on the widespread deployment and known security vulnerabilities at the time of implementation. At the time of this writing, TLS version 1.2 is the most recent version, but has very limited actual deployment, and might not be readily available in implementation toolkits. TLS version 1.0 is the most widely deployed version, and will give the broadest interoperability. To protect against information disclosure and tampering, confidentiality protection MUST be applied using TLS with a ciphersuite that provides confidentiality and integrity protection. Whenever TLS is used, a TLS server certificate check MUST be performed, per RFC 6125.

TLS certificate checking MUST be performed by the RP, as described in , when making an OpenID Provider Configuration Request. Checking that the server certificate is valid for the Issuer URL prevents man-in-middle and DNS-based attacks. These attacks could cause an RP to be tricked into using an attacker's keys and endpoints, which would enable impersonation of the legitimate Issuer. If an attacker can accomplish this, they can access the accounts of any existing users at the affected RP that can be logged into using the OP that they are impersonating. An attacker may also attempt to impersonate an OpenID Provider by publishing a Discovery document that contains an issuer Claim using the Issuer URL of the OP being impersonated, but with its own endpoints and signing keys. This would enable it to issue ID Tokens as that OP, if accepted by the RP. To prevent this, RPs MUST ensure that the Issuer URL they are using for the Configuration Request exactly matches the value of the issuer Claim in the OP Metadata document received by the RP and that this also exactly matches the iss Claim value in ID Tokens that are supposed to be from that Issuer.

This specification registers the well-known URI defined in in the IANA Well-Known URI registry defined in RFC 5785.

URI suffix: openid-configuration Change controller: OpenID Foundation Artifact Binding Working Group - openid-specs-ab@lists.openid.net Specification document: of this document Related information: (none)

markdavis@google.com

ken@unicode.org

Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Ping Identity Microsoft Google Salesforce Microsoft Ping Identity Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Microsoft Ping Identity Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Microsoft RTFM, Inc. Cisco Systems, Inc. Microsoft Microsoft Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Ping Identity Microsoft Google Google Facebook Microsoft Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Ping Identity Microsoft Google Google

The OpenID Community would like to thank the following people for their contributions to this specification: Andrew Arnott (andarno@microsoft.com), Microsoft Dirk Balfanz (balfanz@google.com), Google Casper Biering (cb@peercraft.com), Peercraft John Bradley (ve7jtb@ve7jtb.com), Ping Identity Johnny Bufu (jbufu@janrain.com), Janrain Brian Campbell (bcampbell@pingidentity.com), Ping Identity Blaine Cook (romeda@gmail.com), Independent Breno de Medeiros (breno@google.com), Google Pamela Dingle (pdingle@pingidentity.com), Ping Identity Vladimir Dzhuvinov (vladimir@nimbusds.com), Nimbus Directory Services George Fletcher (george.fletcher@corp.aol.com), AOL Dick Hardt (dick.hardt@gmail.com), Independent Roland Hedberg (roland.hedberg@adm.umu.se), University of Umea Edmund Jay (ejay@mgi1.com), Illumila Michael B. Jones (mbj@microsoft.com), Microsoft Torsten Lodderstedt (t.lodderstedt@telekom.de), Deutsche Telekom Nov Matake (nov@matake.jp), Independent Chuck Mortimore (cmortimore@salesforce.com), Salesforce Anthony Nadalin (tonynad@microsoft.com), Microsoft Axel Nennker (axel.nennker@telekom.de), Deutsche Telekom John Panzer (jpanzer@google.com), Google Justin Richer (jricher@mitre.org), MITRE Nat Sakimura (n-sakimura@nri.co.jp), Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. Owen Shepherd (owen.shepherd@e43.eu), Independent Andreas Åkre Solberg (andreas.solberg@uninett.no), UNINET Kick Willemse (k.willemse@evidos.nl), Evidos B.V.

Copyright (c) 2014 The OpenID Foundation. The OpenID Foundation (OIDF) grants to any Contributor, developer, implementer, or other interested party a non-exclusive, royalty free, worldwide copyright license to reproduce, prepare derivative works from, distribute, perform and display, this Implementers Draft or Final Specification solely for the purposes of (i) developing specifications, and (ii) implementing Implementers Drafts and Final Specifications based on such documents, provided that attribution be made to the OIDF as the source of the material, but that such attribution does not indicate an endorsement by the OIDF. The technology described in this specification was made available from contributions from various sources, including members of the OpenID Foundation and others. Although the OpenID Foundation has taken steps to help ensure that the technology is available for distribution, it takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this specification or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. The OpenID Foundation and the contributors to this specification make no (and hereby expressly disclaim any) warranties (express, implied, or otherwise), including implied warranties of merchantability, non-infringement, fitness for a particular purpose, or title, related to this specification, and the entire risk as to implementing this specification is assumed by the implementer. The OpenID Intellectual Property Rights policy requires contributors to offer a patent promise not to assert certain patent claims against other contributors and against implementers. The OpenID Foundation invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents, patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to practice this specification.